If you want to connect an analog source, use a Sonos device with analog line-in, like an Era (+adapter) or a Port (or Gen 2 Connect).
The adapter you listed will not work, for so many reasons, not least of which the Beam requires an HDMI-ARC signal.
The Sonos Beam has no analog input, and a turntable is analog output. You could convert the output of the TT to digital optical using an analog to digital converter, then use the Sonos optical to HDMI-ARC adapter, but in all honesty, it’s not really made for that. Beam is primarily a soundbar for TV.
