You cannot attach a Line in or Bluetooth Connections to a Sonos One.
Your Options are:-
Sonos Amp, Port or Sonos Play 5 Gen 2 or Sonos Five. All these devices have an auxiliary line input. You could then plug that BT adapter into the line in port.
Once connected the Turntable sound can be played on ANY/ALL of your Sonos devices.
Another Alternative is to connect the BT to a Sonos Roam and then this can share to the rest of your Sonos devices.
For the best Sound I would us the Line Out from the Turntable (assuming it has a Phono Pre-amp built in) and connect that to the input on the Port/Amp/Play 5/Five. BT is not the best way of transmitting music.